Over recent decades, natural resources can be a curse or a blessing for oil and gas-rich countries, and has long been an overarching topic of research among academics and policymakers. The study aims to empirically verify the impact of oil and gas revenue on HDI, and examines how this impact is influenced by economic, political and environmental factors. For this purpose, three models have been used OLS, LSDV and GLS which the latter was the most appropriate to analyse penal data for eight resource-rich Arab countries over the period 2000-2019. The results indicate that oil and gas revenue have a negative impact on HDI, and the countries whose gas resource constitutes the largest proportion of their revenues compared to other Arab resource-rich countries were more vulnerable to Dutch Disease. The results also reveal that Arab resource-rich countries with insufficient institutional quality, lack control of corruption, negative inflation and positive relationship of CO2 have harmed human development. In addition, Libya scored better rates in HDI but with very small different percentages compared to other Arab resource-rich countries. Based on these results, the study suggests that improving government efficiency and institutional quality are an urgent move to best exploit oil and gas revenues and decrease reliance on natural resource rents to circumvent the occurrences of the resource curse in the future

This study aimed to measure the prevailing competition between commercial banks and their stability rate, using a sample of 61 commercial banks listed in the stock markets operating in )GCC) countries, and balanced annual data extending from 2011 to 2020. The experimental part of the study was adopted on the analysis of multiple regressions of the Panel data, using panel- corrected standard errors (PCSE) method. The results showed that the competition between commercial banks operating in the countries under study “measured by the concentration index (CR3) of market share” is low, and some of them are away from the full of competition and are highly concentrated markets and non-competitive markets, the empirical results suggest that there is a significant negative impact of concentration ratio (CR3) on the stability of commercial banks, this result supports the “competition-Stability” hypothesis, which suggests that competition between commercial banks may have a positive impact on bank stability. Based on the findings of the study, the study recommends increasing attention to financial reforms, liberalizing banking services, and considering facilitating the entry of new banks to the market and encouraging mergers to take advantage of competition, given its importance in strengthening and stability of the banking sector.

This study was conducted and aimed to analyze the factors that affect the consumption of fish meat in Derna city, through the standard estimation of the demand function. Where data were collected from secondary and primary sources, and to obtain the primary data, cross-sectional data from the community of households consuming fish meat was used. The data was collected by the questionnaire prepared for the study by interviewing consumers in markets and fish meat centers. The study relied on the descriptive statistical method and quantitative analysis using the SPSS statistical package. The standard estimation of the demand function (the amount of fish meat consumed) was made in the partial form for three income categories, the standard estimation of the aggregate function (for all members of the study sample) was also made. The multiple regression method was used, using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method in the linear and logarithmic paired forms. In addition to conducting variance analysis to find out the differences between the three income categories. The study reached to a set of results, the most important, that the variables (elements) educational level, monthly income, commodity price, alternative commodity price, family size have an impact on the demand for fish meat in the study area (the city of Derna). And the results of the statistical analysis showed that the price elasticity demand for sample (overall families), reached to (-2.634), which is negative and greater than one (elastic). This means that an increase in the price of fish by (10%) leads to a decrease in the quantity demanded of it by about (26.34%) when other factors remain constant. The income demand elasticity has reached about (0.299), which is positive and less than one (normal good), meaning that an increase in the income of the family consuming fish by (10%) leads to an increase in the quantity demanded of it by (2.99%) when other factors remain constant. As for the elasticity of demand for the alternative commodity (the cross elasticity) it reached about (0.458), which is positive and less than one, meaning that the increase in the price of the poultry commodity by (10%) leads to an increase in the required quantity of fish by (4.58%) when other factors remain constant.

This paper aims to recognize of the requirements of knowledge management and their impact on organizational excellent in at the National Commercial Bank employees in Municipality of Al-Bayda - Libya. The proportional stratified sample technique was used to collect data for this research study. The number of (235) questionnaires were distributed and the number of valid questionnaires that entered for processing and analysis were .(195)To check the association between requirements of knowledge management and organizational excellent, Pearson correlation statistical technique and regression analysis were applied on the data. The results of the study indicate that the bank operates within a regulatory environment that includes many elements and variables that help in the application of knowledge management in the National Commercial Bank was high, and the requirements of knowledge management, organizational structure, organizational culture, administrative leadership, and information technology have a positive impact on organizational excellent. Also, the results of testing the main hypothesis and its sub-hypotheses that there is a statistically significant effect of the requirements of knowledge management (organizational structure, organizational culture, organizational leadership, information technology) on the organizational excellent at the National Commercial Bank at a significant level (0.05 ≥ α). The study recommended investing the positive relationship between the variables of the study, because of the existence of a correlation between them, and the positive impact of the requirements of knowledge management on the organizational excellent within the bank, Which will be reflected positively in improving the bank’s performance in general, as this relationship should be maintained and improvements made in line with environmental changes.

The Arab Gulf states occupy an important position in Western strategic thought as a result of their geographical location, and as a result of their natural capabilities with regard to energy sources that constitute the main engine of the Western economy, as well as their purchasing power due to the huge revenues from energy sales, which made them an important market for exporting Western, in addition to the Arab and Islamic weight it enjoys as the home from which the Islamic religion was born and the consequent significant impact on Arab and Islamic public opinion on various issues raised in the international system, especially with regard to the Palestinian issue, the explosion of which may lead to a major threat to global peace and security, and the increase in the activity of anti-Western terrorist groups in the region and its environs, especially after the events of September 11, 2001, with the presence of rogue regional powers that have ambitions in the region and seek to disrupt the regional balance, which It will undermine stability in it, and Western countries have made the Arab Gulf region at the forefront of their security strategies.